1,120 research outputs found
Detailed analysis of the effects of stencil spatial variations with arbitrary high-order finite-difference Maxwell solver
Due to discretization effects and truncation to finite domains, many
electromagnetic simulations present non-physical modifications of Maxwell's
equations in space that may generate spurious signals affecting the overall
accuracy of the result. Such modifications for instance occur when Perfectly
Matched Layers (PMLs) are used at simulation domain boundaries to simulate open
media. Another example is the use of arbitrary order Maxwell solver with domain
decomposition technique that may under some condition involve stencil
truncations at subdomain boundaries, resulting in small spurious errors that do
eventually build up. In each case, a careful evaluation of the characteristics
and magnitude of the errors resulting from these approximations, and their
impact at any frequency and angle, requires detailed analytical and numerical
studies. To this end, we present a general analytical approach that enables the
evaluation of numerical discretization errors of fully three-dimensional
arbitrary order finite-difference Maxwell solver, with arbitrary modification
of the local stencil in the simulation domain. The analytical model is
validated against simulations of domain decomposition technique and PMLs, when
these are used with very high-order Maxwell solver, as well as in the infinite
order limit of pseudo-spectral solvers. Results confirm that the new analytical
approach enables exact predictions in each case. It also confirms that the
domain decomposition technique can be used with very high-order Maxwell solver
and a reasonably low number of guard cells with negligible effects on the whole
accuracy of the simulation.Comment: 33 pages, 14 figure
An efficient and portable SIMD algorithm for charge/current deposition in Particle-In-Cell codes
In current computer architectures, data movement (from die to network) is by
far the most energy consuming part of an algorithm (10pJ/word on-die to
10,000pJ/word on the network). To increase memory locality at the hardware
level and reduce energy consumption related to data movement, future exascale
computers tend to use more and more cores on each compute nodes ("fat nodes")
that will have a reduced clock speed to allow for efficient cooling. To
compensate for frequency decrease, machine vendors are making use of long SIMD
instruction registers that are able to process multiple data with one
arithmetic operator in one clock cycle. SIMD register length is expected to
double every four years. As a consequence, Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes will
have to achieve good vectorization to fully take advantage of these upcoming
architectures. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that allows for
efficient and portable SIMD vectorization of current/charge deposition routines
that are, along with the field gathering routines, among the most time
consuming parts of the PIC algorithm. Our new algorithm uses a particular data
structure that takes into account memory alignement constraints and avoids
gather/scatter instructions that can significantly affect vectorization
performances on current CPUs. The new algorithm was successfully implemented in
the 3D skeleton PIC code PICSAR and tested on Haswell Xeon processors (AVX2-256
bits wide data registers). Results show a factor of to
speed-up in double precision for particle shape factor of order to . The
new algorithm can be applied as is on future KNL (Knights Landing)
architectures that will include AVX-512 instruction sets with 512 bits register
lengths (8 doubles/16 singles).Comment: 36 pages, 5 figure
Attosecond Lighthouses: How To Use Spatiotemporally Coupled Light Fields To Generate Isolated Attosecond Pulses
International audienceUnder the effect of even simple optical components, the spatial properties of femtosecond laser beams can vary over the duration of the light pulse. We show how using such spatiotemporally coupled light fields in high harmonic generation experiments (e.g., in gases or dense plasmas) enables the production of attosecond lighthouses, i.e., sources emitting a collection of angularly well-separated light beams, each consisting of an isolated attosecond pulse. This general effect opens the way to a new generation of light sources, particularly suitable for attosecond pump-probe experiments, and provides a new tool for ultrafast metrology, for instance, giving direct access to fluctuations of the carrier-envelope relative phase of even the most intense ultrashort lasers
Novel Josephson effects between multi-gap and single-gap superconductors
Multi-gap superconductors can exhibit qualitatively new phenomena due to
existence of multiple order parameters. Repulsive electronic interactions may
give rise to a phase difference of between the phases of the order
parameters. Collective modes due to the oscillation of the relative phases of
these order parameters are also possible. Here we show that both these
phenomena are observable in Josephson junctions between a single-gap and a
multi-gap superconductor. In particular, a non-monotonic temperature dependence
of the Josephson current through the junction reveals the existence of the
phase differences in the multi-gap superconductor. This mechanism may be
relevant for understanding several experiments on the Josephson junctions with
unconventional superconductors. We also discuss how the presence of the
collective mode resonantly enhances the DC Josephson current when the voltage
across the junction matches the mode frequency. We suggest that our results may
apply to MgB, 2H-NbSe, spin ladder and bilayer cuprates.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Correlated defects, metal-insulator transition, and magnetic order in ferromagnetic semiconductors
The effect of disorder on transport and magnetization in ferromagnetic III-V
semiconductors, in particular (Ga,Mn)As, is studied theoretically. We show that
Coulomb-induced correlations of the defect positions are crucial for the
transport and magnetic properties of these highly compensated materials. We
employ Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the correlated defect distributions.
Exact diagonalization gives reasonable results for the spectrum of valence-band
holes and the metal-insulator transition only for correlated disorder. Finally,
we show that the mean-field magnetization also depends crucially on defect
correlations.Comment: 4 pages RevTeX4, 5 figures include
Early lactation ratio of fat and protein percentage in milk is associated with health, milk production, and survival.
An observational study was conducted on 1,498 cows in 3 large Italian dairy farms. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of early lactation fat-to-protein ratio in milk. In all 3 herds, an intensive herd health monitoring program was being practiced that included weekly visits and extensive data collection on health, reproduction, production, and culling. A milk sample was collected from all cows at approximately 7 d postpartum and the ratio of fat-to-protein percentage in this milk sample was measured. Animals with a fat-to-protein ratio in early lactation greater than 2.0 showed an increase in postpartum diseases such as retained placenta, left-displaced abomasums, metritis and clinical endometritis. We also observed a decrease in early lactation milk production but this was limited to cows in lactation 2 and higher when the fat-to-protein ratio was greater than 2.0 in the early postpartum milk sample. Finally, an increased risk of being culled from the herd was observed, with the risk of culling increasing with increasing fat-to-protein ratio in the early lactation milk sample. No effect of fat-to-protein ratio was found on the incidence of clinical mastitis in the 3 herds. From this study, we conclude that analyses of milk components in early postpartum (6-9 days in milk), particularly the ratio of fat-to-protein percentage, is a valuable indicator of lipo-mobilization and the negative energy balance status in postpartum cows. Because a single milk sample is sufficient to provide valuable information, we suggest that this is a valuable addition to herd health programs on dairy farms
- …